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This practical commentary on Revelation is conversant with contemporary scholarship, draws on ancient backgrounds, and attends to the theological nature of the text. Sigve Tonstad, an expert in the early Jewish context of the New Testament, offers a nonretributive reading of Revelation and addresses the issue of divine violence. Paideia commentaries explore how New Testament texts form Christian...

poured unmixed into the cup of God’s anger, and … be tormented with fire and sulfur in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb” (14:10). The severity in this depiction is undeniable, and it is aggravated by duration. The text says that “the smoke of their torture goes up forever and ever” (14:11). Frilingos chills at the violence, as do others, and he chills even more when he looks beyond the carnage itself. The spectacle, he notes, plays out under the gaze of the Lamb. As
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